A handle is a part of, or attachment to, an object that can be moved or used by hand. The design of each type of handle involves substantial ergonomic issues, even where these are dealt with intuitively or by following tradition.
General design criteria
The three nearly universal requirements of are:
1. Sufficient strength to support the object, or to otherwise transmit the force involved in the task the handle serves.
2. Sufficient length to permit the hand or hands gripping it to reliably exert that force.
3. Sufficiently small circumference to permit the hand or hands to surround it far enough to grip it as solidly as needed to exert that force.
Other requirements may apply to specific handles:
* A sheath or coating on the handle that provides friction against the hand, reducing the gripping force needed to achieve a reliable grip.
* Designs such as recessed car-door handles, reducing the chance of accidental operation, or simply the inconvenience of "snagging" the handle.
* Sufficient circumference to distribute the force comfortably and safely over the hand. An example where this requirement is almost the sole purpose for a handle's existence is the handle that consists of two pieces: a hollow wooden cylinder about the diameter of a finger and a bit longer than one hand-width, and a stiff wire that passes through the center of the cylinder, has two right angles, and is shaped into a hook at each end. This handle permits comfortable carrying, with otherwise bare hands, of a heavy package, suspended on a tight string that passes around the top and bottom of it: the string is strong enough to support it, but the pressure the string would exert on fingers that grasped it directly would often be unacceptable.
* Design to thwart unwanted access, for example, by children or thieves. In these cases many of the other requirements may have reduced importance. For example, a child-proof doorknob can be difficult for even an adult to use.
One major category of handles are pull handles, where one or more hands grip the handle or handles, and exert force to shorten the distance between the hands and their corresponding shoulders. The three criteria stated above are universal for pull handles.
Horizontal pull handles are widespread, including drawer pulls, handles on latchless doors and the outside of car doors. The inside controls for opening car doors from inside are usually pull handles, although their function of permitting the door to be pushed open is accomplished by an internal unlatching linkage.
Two kinds of pull handles may involve motion in addition to the hand-focused motions described:
* Pulling the starting cord on a small internal-combustion engine may, besides moving the hand toward the shoulder, also exploit simultaneously pushing a wheeled vehicle away with the other hand, stepping away from the engine, and/or standing from a squat.
* Some throwing motions, as in a track-and-field hammer throw, involve pulling on a handle against centrifugal force (without bringing it closer), in the course of accelerating the thrown object by forcing it into circular motion.
Another category of hand-operated device requires grasping (but not pulling) and rotating the hand and either the lower arm or the whole arm, about their axis. When the grip required is a fist grip, as with a door handle that has an arm rather than a knob to twist, the term "handle" unambiguously applies. Another clear case is a rarer device seen on mechanically complicated doors like those of airliners, where (instead of the whole hand moving down as it also rotates, on the door handles just described) the axis of rotation is between the thumb and the outermost fingers, so the thumb moves up if the outer fingers move down.
[edit] Handles for wide-range motion
The handles of club-style weapons, shovels and spades, axes, hammers, mallets and hatchets, baseball bats, rackets, golf clubs, and croquet mallets involve a much greater range of ergonomic issues.
Sabtu, 21 November 2009
PENGERTIAN RUMAH
PERUMAHAN (HOUSING) : adalah tempat (ruang) dengan fungsi dominan untuk tempat tinggal.
Elemen terpenting dari pembentukan suatu perumahan adalah rumah itu sendiri. Rumah dapat diartikan sebagai berikut :
* Tempat untuk berumah tangga, tempat tinggal/ alamat, lokasi tempat tinggal.
* Bagian dari eksistensi individu/keluarga (terkait dengan status, tempat kedudukan, identitas).
* Bagian dari kawasan fungsional kota.
* Investasi (keluarga atau perusahaan).
* Sumber bangkitan pergerakan (trip production).
* Ruang untuk rekreasi.
* Ruang yang digunakan untuk menjalin kehidupan keluarga.
* Wadah sebagai batas privasi.
Elemen terpenting dari pembentukan suatu perumahan adalah rumah itu sendiri. Rumah dapat diartikan sebagai berikut :
* Tempat untuk berumah tangga, tempat tinggal/ alamat, lokasi tempat tinggal.
* Bagian dari eksistensi individu/keluarga (terkait dengan status, tempat kedudukan, identitas).
* Bagian dari kawasan fungsional kota.
* Investasi (keluarga atau perusahaan).
* Sumber bangkitan pergerakan (trip production).
* Ruang untuk rekreasi.
* Ruang yang digunakan untuk menjalin kehidupan keluarga.
* Wadah sebagai batas privasi.
Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta (UAJY)
Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta (UAJY) adalah lembaga pendidikan tinggi swasta yang didirikan oleh kaum awam Katolik dan dikelola oleh Yayasan Slamet Rijadi - Yogyakarta, di bawah lindungan Santo Albertus Magnus. Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta lahir pada tanggal 27 September 1965, dengan tujuan untuk ikut serta mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa melalui pendidikan yang berdimensi serta berorientasi global.
Saat ini UAJY memiliki 6 fakultas dengan 11 program studi S-1 dan 5 program S-2, termasuk 4 program studi S-1 kelas internasional dengan jumlah mahasiswa ± 11.307 orang; serta didukung 7 Guru Besar, 25 Doktor, 222 Master, dan 29 Sarjana sebagai pengajar tetap. Di samping itu UAJY juga didukung oleh dosen luar biasa dari para ahli maupun praktisi menurut bidangnya, dari dalam maupun luar negeri. Semua program studi S-1 telah terakreditasi, untuk program S-2, tiga program studi (Magister Manajemen, Magister Teknik Sipil, dan Magister Ilmu Hukum) telah terakreditasi, sedangkan Magister Teknik Informatika dan Magister Teknik Arsitektur sudah mendapatkan ijin operasional.
Visi & Misi
Visi
Menjadi Komunitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta yang berjiwa unggul, Inklusif, dan humanis, serta mampu memberi sumbangan pada kualitas kehidupan yang lebih baik melalui pelayanan dalam cahaya kebenaran.
Misi
Memberikan sumbangan pada peningkatan dan kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, dan ketrampilan profesional yang bermanfaat bagi martabat manusia melalui karya yang unggul dalam bidang pendidikan, penelitian dan pengabdian kepada masyarakat dengan semangat pelayanan dalam cahaya kebenaran
Tujuan
Menumbuhkembangkan komunitas akademik secara cermat dan kritis dalam rangka membantu melindungi, meningkatkan harkat dan martabat manusia serta warisan budaya melalui pendidikan dan pengajaran, penelitian serta pengabdian kepada masyarakat dan berbagai pelayanan lain yang diberikan kepada komunitas setempat, nasional, dan internasional dengan semangat pelayanan dalam cahaya kebenaran.
Saat ini UAJY memiliki 6 fakultas dengan 11 program studi S-1 dan 5 program S-2, termasuk 4 program studi S-1 kelas internasional dengan jumlah mahasiswa ± 11.307 orang; serta didukung 7 Guru Besar, 25 Doktor, 222 Master, dan 29 Sarjana sebagai pengajar tetap. Di samping itu UAJY juga didukung oleh dosen luar biasa dari para ahli maupun praktisi menurut bidangnya, dari dalam maupun luar negeri. Semua program studi S-1 telah terakreditasi, untuk program S-2, tiga program studi (Magister Manajemen, Magister Teknik Sipil, dan Magister Ilmu Hukum) telah terakreditasi, sedangkan Magister Teknik Informatika dan Magister Teknik Arsitektur sudah mendapatkan ijin operasional.
Visi & Misi
Visi
Menjadi Komunitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta yang berjiwa unggul, Inklusif, dan humanis, serta mampu memberi sumbangan pada kualitas kehidupan yang lebih baik melalui pelayanan dalam cahaya kebenaran.
Misi
Memberikan sumbangan pada peningkatan dan kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, dan ketrampilan profesional yang bermanfaat bagi martabat manusia melalui karya yang unggul dalam bidang pendidikan, penelitian dan pengabdian kepada masyarakat dengan semangat pelayanan dalam cahaya kebenaran
Tujuan
Menumbuhkembangkan komunitas akademik secara cermat dan kritis dalam rangka membantu melindungi, meningkatkan harkat dan martabat manusia serta warisan budaya melalui pendidikan dan pengajaran, penelitian serta pengabdian kepada masyarakat dan berbagai pelayanan lain yang diberikan kepada komunitas setempat, nasional, dan internasional dengan semangat pelayanan dalam cahaya kebenaran.
Menanam Cabai
Cabe atau lombok (Capsicum annum) termasuk suku Selanaceae dan merupakan tanaman
yang mudah ditanam di dataran rendah ataupun di dataran tinggi. Tanaman cabe banyak
mengandung vitamin A dan C serta mengandung minyak atsiri, yang rasanya pedas dan
memberikan kehangatan panas bila kita gunakan untuk rempah-rempah (bumbu dapur).
Kita sering melihat para ibu rumah tangga yang menanam cabe sebagai selingan yang
menguntungkan. Hasil buahnya bisa dipakai untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari, tanpa harus
membelinya di pasar.
Syarat Tumbuh
Tanaman cabe, cocok ditanam pada tanah yang kaya humus, gembur dan sarang serta tidak
tergenang air ; pH tanah yang ideal sekitar 5 - 6. Waktu tanam yang baik untuk lahan kering
adalah pada akhir musim hujan (Maret - April). Untuk memperoleh harga cabe yang tinggi,
bisa juga dilakukan pada bulan Oktober dan panen pada bulan Desember, walaupun ada
resiko kegagalan. Usahakan dibuat saluran drainase yang baik.
Tanaman ini diperbanyak melalui biji, yang ditanam dari tanaman yang sehat serta bebas
dari hama dan penyakit . Buah cabe yang telah kita seleksi untuk bibit dijemur hingga kering.
Kalau panasnya cukup dalam lima hari telah kering kemudian baru kita ambil bijinya: Untuk
areal satu hektar dibutuhkan sekitar 2-3 kg buah cabe (300-500 gr biji).
Persemaian
Tanah persemaian digemburkan dan dibikin bedengan dengan lebar 125 cm panjang
menurut ukuran tanah dan diberi pupuk kandang dan diberi TSP I Kg per meter bujur
sangkar 2 (dua) hari sebelum benih ditaburkan. Setelah itu ditutup dengan tanah atau sekam
untuk menghindari hujan dan angin. Benih cabe dapat dipindahkan setelah berumur 1 (satu)
bulan.
Pengolahan Tanah
Sambil menunggu bibit yang akan dipindahkan, tanah disiapkan dengan pengolahan yang
baik, bersamaan dengan itu diperam pupuk . kandang yang dicampur dengan TSP dan Urea
selama 20 hari (1 karung pupuk kandang + 1 Kg TSP + 1 \4 Kg Urea). Satu hektar
membutuhkan pupuk kandang 15 ton. Seminggu sebelum tanam, pupuk kandang
dimasukkan kedalam lubang tanam kurang lebih 1\5 Kg per lubang dengan jarak tanam 50 x
60 Cm. Umur bibit 1-1,5 bulan. Bila tersedia Biofert, berikan soil conditioner (penyubur
tanah) ini dengan dosis 30 Kg per hektar. Biofert membuat pemupukan lebih efisien dan
meningkatkan mutu buah cabe.
Pemeliharaan
Setelah tanaman berumur 15 - 20 hari tanam, dilakukan pemupukan pertama. Caranya
dengan mencampur Za 400 Kg, TSP 200 Kg dan KCL 50 Kg per hektar; caranya diberikan
10 gram per lubang. Pada umur 35 - 40 hari setelah tanam dipupuk lag] dengan 350 Kg Za
dan 50 Kg KC1, diberikan 15 gram per lubang.
Pemupukan selanjutnya pada umur 60 hari setelah tanam dengan memberikan Za 400 Kg
dan KCl 50 Kg diberikan 20 gram per lubang tanam. Pemupukan tetap diulangi lagi setiap 20
hari sekali setelah tanaman cabe panen 4 - 5 kali, dengan dosis seperti di atas. Untuk
meningkatkan produksi dari tanaman cabe perlu diberikan PPC seperti (Bayfolan, Super
Florosing, Gandasil D\B Grenzit, dll) dimulai pada hari ke-4, 8 dan 12 setelah tanam
kemudian satu kali seminggu.
ZPT (Zat Pengatur Tumbuh) diberikan setelah tanaman berumur 15 hari, dan diberikan
setiap 20 hari sekali. ZPT yang digunakan adalah Dekamon, Darmasri, Sitosim, Atonik dan
lain-lain dengan ukuran satu sendok teh dalam 20 liter air.
Berikan mulsa jika memasuki musim kering. Mulsa mencegah penguapan daun dan tanah
serta membuat tanah lembab dan gembur.
Hama dan Penyakit
Ada musim agar penyakitnya tidak menular.
Keberhasilan kebun cabe sangat diperlukan. Kebun yang kotor akan merangsang
berjangkitnya penyakit keriting. Oleh karena itu, tanamlah bibit-bibit yang sehat. Gunakanlah
pupuk yang sesuai jenis dan dosisnya, karena pemupukan yang tepat akan berpengaruh
kepada pertumbuhan tanaman cabe yang akibatnya akan menambah daya tahan terhadap
serangan hama dan penyakit.
Pemetikan Hasil
Buah pertama telah kemarau tanaman cabe sering diserang oleh hama lalat buah (Docus
dorsalis) yang bisa merusak buah cabe, kutu daun (Myzus persiace, Tripa spp. dan Aphis
spp.) dapat di berantas dengan pestisida Orthene 75 Sp, Hosianon 40 Ec, dan Curacron
yang disemprotkan setup seminggu.
Pada muslin penghujan, tanaman cabe banyak diserang, penyakit seperti Antraknose atau
Krapak (Colectroticum capsici) dan cendawan yang menyebabkan bercak daun (Phytophtora
capsici) serta penyakit layu (Pseudomonas solanaceanum). Penyakit ini dapat dicegah dan
diberantas dengan fungisida seperti Dhitane 45 dan fungisida lainnya.
Penyakit virus yang banyak menyerang pada tanaman cabe yang mengakibatkan daun
menjadi keriting berwarna kekuning-kuningan. Dari itu lebih baik tanaman yang terserang
penyakit itu dibongkar dan dibakar dapat dipetik pada umur 80 - 85 hari setelah tanam.
Tanaman yang baik dapat dipetik 20 - 25 kali petik setiap 4 hari sekali. dengan produksi 3 - 4
ton per hektar ( 1,5 - 2 ons per rumpun tanaman).
materi referensi:
~ é=A.M² ~ AMunizéя² $āid Lövé was mādè föя mè ānd yöu
yang mudah ditanam di dataran rendah ataupun di dataran tinggi. Tanaman cabe banyak
mengandung vitamin A dan C serta mengandung minyak atsiri, yang rasanya pedas dan
memberikan kehangatan panas bila kita gunakan untuk rempah-rempah (bumbu dapur).
Kita sering melihat para ibu rumah tangga yang menanam cabe sebagai selingan yang
menguntungkan. Hasil buahnya bisa dipakai untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari, tanpa harus
membelinya di pasar.
Syarat Tumbuh
Tanaman cabe, cocok ditanam pada tanah yang kaya humus, gembur dan sarang serta tidak
tergenang air ; pH tanah yang ideal sekitar 5 - 6. Waktu tanam yang baik untuk lahan kering
adalah pada akhir musim hujan (Maret - April). Untuk memperoleh harga cabe yang tinggi,
bisa juga dilakukan pada bulan Oktober dan panen pada bulan Desember, walaupun ada
resiko kegagalan. Usahakan dibuat saluran drainase yang baik.
Tanaman ini diperbanyak melalui biji, yang ditanam dari tanaman yang sehat serta bebas
dari hama dan penyakit . Buah cabe yang telah kita seleksi untuk bibit dijemur hingga kering.
Kalau panasnya cukup dalam lima hari telah kering kemudian baru kita ambil bijinya: Untuk
areal satu hektar dibutuhkan sekitar 2-3 kg buah cabe (300-500 gr biji).
Persemaian
Tanah persemaian digemburkan dan dibikin bedengan dengan lebar 125 cm panjang
menurut ukuran tanah dan diberi pupuk kandang dan diberi TSP I Kg per meter bujur
sangkar 2 (dua) hari sebelum benih ditaburkan. Setelah itu ditutup dengan tanah atau sekam
untuk menghindari hujan dan angin. Benih cabe dapat dipindahkan setelah berumur 1 (satu)
bulan.
Pengolahan Tanah
Sambil menunggu bibit yang akan dipindahkan, tanah disiapkan dengan pengolahan yang
baik, bersamaan dengan itu diperam pupuk . kandang yang dicampur dengan TSP dan Urea
selama 20 hari (1 karung pupuk kandang + 1 Kg TSP + 1 \4 Kg Urea). Satu hektar
membutuhkan pupuk kandang 15 ton. Seminggu sebelum tanam, pupuk kandang
dimasukkan kedalam lubang tanam kurang lebih 1\5 Kg per lubang dengan jarak tanam 50 x
60 Cm. Umur bibit 1-1,5 bulan. Bila tersedia Biofert, berikan soil conditioner (penyubur
tanah) ini dengan dosis 30 Kg per hektar. Biofert membuat pemupukan lebih efisien dan
meningkatkan mutu buah cabe.
Pemeliharaan
Setelah tanaman berumur 15 - 20 hari tanam, dilakukan pemupukan pertama. Caranya
dengan mencampur Za 400 Kg, TSP 200 Kg dan KCL 50 Kg per hektar; caranya diberikan
10 gram per lubang. Pada umur 35 - 40 hari setelah tanam dipupuk lag] dengan 350 Kg Za
dan 50 Kg KC1, diberikan 15 gram per lubang.
Pemupukan selanjutnya pada umur 60 hari setelah tanam dengan memberikan Za 400 Kg
dan KCl 50 Kg diberikan 20 gram per lubang tanam. Pemupukan tetap diulangi lagi setiap 20
hari sekali setelah tanaman cabe panen 4 - 5 kali, dengan dosis seperti di atas. Untuk
meningkatkan produksi dari tanaman cabe perlu diberikan PPC seperti (Bayfolan, Super
Florosing, Gandasil D\B Grenzit, dll) dimulai pada hari ke-4, 8 dan 12 setelah tanam
kemudian satu kali seminggu.
ZPT (Zat Pengatur Tumbuh) diberikan setelah tanaman berumur 15 hari, dan diberikan
setiap 20 hari sekali. ZPT yang digunakan adalah Dekamon, Darmasri, Sitosim, Atonik dan
lain-lain dengan ukuran satu sendok teh dalam 20 liter air.
Berikan mulsa jika memasuki musim kering. Mulsa mencegah penguapan daun dan tanah
serta membuat tanah lembab dan gembur.
Hama dan Penyakit
Ada musim agar penyakitnya tidak menular.
Keberhasilan kebun cabe sangat diperlukan. Kebun yang kotor akan merangsang
berjangkitnya penyakit keriting. Oleh karena itu, tanamlah bibit-bibit yang sehat. Gunakanlah
pupuk yang sesuai jenis dan dosisnya, karena pemupukan yang tepat akan berpengaruh
kepada pertumbuhan tanaman cabe yang akibatnya akan menambah daya tahan terhadap
serangan hama dan penyakit.
Pemetikan Hasil
Buah pertama telah kemarau tanaman cabe sering diserang oleh hama lalat buah (Docus
dorsalis) yang bisa merusak buah cabe, kutu daun (Myzus persiace, Tripa spp. dan Aphis
spp.) dapat di berantas dengan pestisida Orthene 75 Sp, Hosianon 40 Ec, dan Curacron
yang disemprotkan setup seminggu.
Pada muslin penghujan, tanaman cabe banyak diserang, penyakit seperti Antraknose atau
Krapak (Colectroticum capsici) dan cendawan yang menyebabkan bercak daun (Phytophtora
capsici) serta penyakit layu (Pseudomonas solanaceanum). Penyakit ini dapat dicegah dan
diberantas dengan fungisida seperti Dhitane 45 dan fungisida lainnya.
Penyakit virus yang banyak menyerang pada tanaman cabe yang mengakibatkan daun
menjadi keriting berwarna kekuning-kuningan. Dari itu lebih baik tanaman yang terserang
penyakit itu dibongkar dan dibakar dapat dipetik pada umur 80 - 85 hari setelah tanam.
Tanaman yang baik dapat dipetik 20 - 25 kali petik setiap 4 hari sekali. dengan produksi 3 - 4
ton per hektar ( 1,5 - 2 ons per rumpun tanaman).
materi referensi:
~ é=A.M² ~ AMunizéя² $āid Lövé was mādè föя mè ānd yöu
Kamis, 19 November 2009
Bali Starling
The Bali Starling, Leucopsar rothschildi, also known as Rothschild’s Mynah, Bali Myna or Bali Mynah is a medium-sized (up to 25cm long), stocky myna, almost wholly white with a long, drooping crest, and black tips on the wings and tail. The bird has blue bare skin around the eyes, greyish legs and a yellow bill. Both sexes are similar.
The Bali Starling is critically endangered, hovering immediately above extinction in the wild for several years now (BirdLife International 2006). The last stronghold of the species is at Bali Barat National Park; about 1,000 individuals are believed to be held in captivity legally. In fact, the Bali Starling is so much in danger that that national park has been set up just for the Bali Starling's survival. The wild population was at an all-time low of just 6 birds in 2001, after the late-1990s wild population of 3-4 dozen was reduced by poachers for the illegal pet trade.
Its decline towards extinction has been caused by the urbanization of the island and by illegal trapping for the caged-bird trade; indeed, the number of captive birds bought on black market is estimated to be twice the number of legally-acquired individuals in the captive breeding program. The Bali Starling is listed in Appendix I of CITES. Trade even in captive-bred specimens is strictly regulated and the species is not generally available legally to private individuals. However, experienced aviculturalists may become affiliated with the captive-breeding program, allowing them to legally keep this species.
The Bali Starling Conservation Project was Begawan Foundation's first initiative, commencing when the Foundation purchased two pairs of birds from the aviaries of Mr Nick Wileman, a successful and knowledgeable breeder living near London, and brought them “home” to Bali on 24th June 1999. The Foundation developed a successful breeding programme with excellent facilities and expert supervision by Bali’s leading avian veterinarian, Drh I. G. N. Bayu Wirayudha. By November 2005, the Foundation’s captive population had grown from four birds, returned to Bali from UK, to 97 birds. In July 2006, the first 25 micro-chipped birds were released into the wild on Nusa Penida, a small island south of mainland Bali. Further releases followed and, by end of August 2009, a total of 65 birds had been released and 62 of their offspring were known to have survived and were flying free.
In 2005, most of the birds, along with their cages, were moved from Begawan Giri Estate to a newly established bird sanctuary, on Nusa Penida, a small island south of mainland Bali.
Drh I. G. N. Bayu Wirayudha had already begun to prepare for the arrival of the birds and the release of the first batch of them on Nusa Penida a year earlier. One of his most important tasks was to educate local villagers about the importance of their survival. In April 2006, as a result of being approached by FNPF over a period of two years, the Nusa Penida traditional council, which represents 35 villages, unanimously agreed to protect all the birds on the island by passing a local traditional law (Hukum Adat) to protect them. Anyone caught harming them would face both fines and ostracism by the community. This allowed Nusa Penida to be gazetted as a Bird Sanctuary, now operated by FNPF.
Meanwhile, the birds being prepared for release demonstrated excellent flying skills. Unpeeled and uncut fruit was placed in different areas of their socialisation cage daily. They were also able to supplement their diet by catching insects that were attracted into the cage by a small light. Sprinklers placed on top of the cage dripped water onto leaves inside, and the birds became accustomed to drinking it in order to maximise their water intake at certain times when they were not given any water. They also learned how to get moisture from watery foods and trees, such as the banana palm, and how to find water in holes in trees and from items such as old shells on the ground. To help them identify potential predators, the birds were threatened with large artificial birds, fake snakes, and human beings who were not their keepers.
Finally, on July 10th, 2006, 25 micro-chipped birds were released into the wild during a ceremony that involved local villagers, temples and provincial and local government officials. Microchips were supplied by Theo Pagel, Director of the Cologne Zoo in Germany.
Within two weeks of their release, several birds had paired up and were observed bringing nesting materials to a variety of local trees, ficus, sugar palms and coconuts. Their first eggs had hatched by September 10th, and on September 28th, three birds instead of two were observed on the nesting tree. The first Bali Starlings to be released into the wild had started a family!
Twelve more birds were released on December 12th, 2006, and this flock was soon joined by two young birds that were the offspring of birds from the first release. On April 28th, 2007, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono of the Republic of Indonesia and First Lady Kristiani Herawati released a further 12 birds when they visited Nusa Penida to celebrate the launch of a ferry service to mainland Bali.
Further official recognition of the Programme came during a visit to Nusa Penida on August 25th by the Indonesian Forestry Minister M. S. Kaban and Dr Ir Tonny Suhartono, the Director General for Forestry Preservation and Nature Conservation. These two dignitaries officially announced that the island was a suitable site for further releases of Bali Starlings.
The birds, originally released in just three sites, have spread far and wide around the island. As of August 2009, a total of 65 birds have been released from the captive breeding cages. With thirteen chicks being hatched so far in the wild in 2009, the total number of Bali Starling chicks hatched and fledged by the end of August, since the inception of the release programme in 2006, is 62.
The Foundation continues to monitor and observe the birds in the wild, tracking where the birds nest and breed, ensuring that each bird released or born is followed throughout its life. This important role ensures that any future releases will be made with planned knowledge of how the bird survives in the wild, what food is required, and how it breeds.
The Bali Starling is critically endangered, hovering immediately above extinction in the wild for several years now (BirdLife International 2006). The last stronghold of the species is at Bali Barat National Park; about 1,000 individuals are believed to be held in captivity legally. In fact, the Bali Starling is so much in danger that that national park has been set up just for the Bali Starling's survival. The wild population was at an all-time low of just 6 birds in 2001, after the late-1990s wild population of 3-4 dozen was reduced by poachers for the illegal pet trade.
Its decline towards extinction has been caused by the urbanization of the island and by illegal trapping for the caged-bird trade; indeed, the number of captive birds bought on black market is estimated to be twice the number of legally-acquired individuals in the captive breeding program. The Bali Starling is listed in Appendix I of CITES. Trade even in captive-bred specimens is strictly regulated and the species is not generally available legally to private individuals. However, experienced aviculturalists may become affiliated with the captive-breeding program, allowing them to legally keep this species.
The Bali Starling Conservation Project was Begawan Foundation's first initiative, commencing when the Foundation purchased two pairs of birds from the aviaries of Mr Nick Wileman, a successful and knowledgeable breeder living near London, and brought them “home” to Bali on 24th June 1999. The Foundation developed a successful breeding programme with excellent facilities and expert supervision by Bali’s leading avian veterinarian, Drh I. G. N. Bayu Wirayudha. By November 2005, the Foundation’s captive population had grown from four birds, returned to Bali from UK, to 97 birds. In July 2006, the first 25 micro-chipped birds were released into the wild on Nusa Penida, a small island south of mainland Bali. Further releases followed and, by end of August 2009, a total of 65 birds had been released and 62 of their offspring were known to have survived and were flying free.
In 2005, most of the birds, along with their cages, were moved from Begawan Giri Estate to a newly established bird sanctuary, on Nusa Penida, a small island south of mainland Bali.
Drh I. G. N. Bayu Wirayudha had already begun to prepare for the arrival of the birds and the release of the first batch of them on Nusa Penida a year earlier. One of his most important tasks was to educate local villagers about the importance of their survival. In April 2006, as a result of being approached by FNPF over a period of two years, the Nusa Penida traditional council, which represents 35 villages, unanimously agreed to protect all the birds on the island by passing a local traditional law (Hukum Adat) to protect them. Anyone caught harming them would face both fines and ostracism by the community. This allowed Nusa Penida to be gazetted as a Bird Sanctuary, now operated by FNPF.
Meanwhile, the birds being prepared for release demonstrated excellent flying skills. Unpeeled and uncut fruit was placed in different areas of their socialisation cage daily. They were also able to supplement their diet by catching insects that were attracted into the cage by a small light. Sprinklers placed on top of the cage dripped water onto leaves inside, and the birds became accustomed to drinking it in order to maximise their water intake at certain times when they were not given any water. They also learned how to get moisture from watery foods and trees, such as the banana palm, and how to find water in holes in trees and from items such as old shells on the ground. To help them identify potential predators, the birds were threatened with large artificial birds, fake snakes, and human beings who were not their keepers.
Finally, on July 10th, 2006, 25 micro-chipped birds were released into the wild during a ceremony that involved local villagers, temples and provincial and local government officials. Microchips were supplied by Theo Pagel, Director of the Cologne Zoo in Germany.
Within two weeks of their release, several birds had paired up and were observed bringing nesting materials to a variety of local trees, ficus, sugar palms and coconuts. Their first eggs had hatched by September 10th, and on September 28th, three birds instead of two were observed on the nesting tree. The first Bali Starlings to be released into the wild had started a family!
Twelve more birds were released on December 12th, 2006, and this flock was soon joined by two young birds that were the offspring of birds from the first release. On April 28th, 2007, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono of the Republic of Indonesia and First Lady Kristiani Herawati released a further 12 birds when they visited Nusa Penida to celebrate the launch of a ferry service to mainland Bali.
Further official recognition of the Programme came during a visit to Nusa Penida on August 25th by the Indonesian Forestry Minister M. S. Kaban and Dr Ir Tonny Suhartono, the Director General for Forestry Preservation and Nature Conservation. These two dignitaries officially announced that the island was a suitable site for further releases of Bali Starlings.
The birds, originally released in just three sites, have spread far and wide around the island. As of August 2009, a total of 65 birds have been released from the captive breeding cages. With thirteen chicks being hatched so far in the wild in 2009, the total number of Bali Starling chicks hatched and fledged by the end of August, since the inception of the release programme in 2006, is 62.
The Foundation continues to monitor and observe the birds in the wild, tracking where the birds nest and breed, ensuring that each bird released or born is followed throughout its life. This important role ensures that any future releases will be made with planned knowledge of how the bird survives in the wild, what food is required, and how it breeds.
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